Pestal, K. et al. Isoforms of RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 independently control nucleic acid sensor MDA5-driven autoimmunity and multi-organ development. Immunity 43, 933–944 (2015).
Google Scholar
Ahmad, S. et al. Breaching self-tolerance to Alu duplex RNA underlies MDA5-mediated inflammation. Cell 172, 797–810 (2018).
Google Scholar
Herbert, A. et al. A Z-DNA binding domain present in the human editing enzyme, double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 8421–8426 (1997).
Google Scholar
Rice, G. I. et al. Mutations in ADAR1 cause Aicardi-Goutières syndrome associated with a type I interferon signature. Nat. Genet. 44, 1243–1248 (2012).
Google Scholar
Maurano, M. et al. Protein kinase R and the integrated stress response drive immunopathology caused by mutations in the RNA deaminase ADAR1. Immunity 54, 1948–1960 (2021).
Google Scholar
Schwartz, T., Behlke, J., Lowenhaupt, K., Heinemann, U. & Rich, A. Structure of the DLM-1–Z-DNA complex reveals a conserved family of Z-DNA-binding proteins. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 8, 761–765 (2001).
Google Scholar
Rebsamen, M. et al. DAI/ZBP1 recruits RIP1 and RIP3 through RIP homotypic interaction motifs to activate NF-κB. EMBO Rep. 10, 916–922 (2009).
Google Scholar
Thapa, R. J. et al. DAI senses influenza A virus genomic RNA and activates RIPK3-dependent cell death. Cell Host Microbe 20, 674–681 (2016).
Google Scholar
Upton, J. W., Kaiser, W. J. & Mocarski, E. S. DAI/ZBP1/DLM-1 complexes with RIP3 to mediate virus-induced programmed necrosis that is targeted by murine cytomegalovirus vIRA. Cell Host Microbe 11, 290–297 (2012).
Google Scholar
Chung, H. et al. Human ADAR1 prevents endogenous RNA from triggering translational shutdown. Cell 172, 811–824 (2018).
Google Scholar
Li, Y. et al. Ribonuclease L mediates the cell-lethal phenotype of double-stranded RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 deficiency in a human cell line. Elife 6, e25687 (2017).
Google Scholar
Crow, Y. J. et al. Characterization of human disease phenotypes associated with mutations in TREX1, RNASEH2A, RNASEH2B, RNASEH2C, SAMHD1, ADAR, and IFIH1. Am. J. Med. Genet. A 167, 296–312 (2015).
Google Scholar
Ishii, K. J. et al. TANK-binding kinase-1 delineates innate and adaptive immune responses to DNA vaccines. Nature 451, 725–729 (2008).
Google Scholar
Koehler, H. S., Feng, Y., Mandal, P. & Mocarski, E. S. Recognizing limits of Z‐nucleic acid binding protein (ZBP1/DAI/DLM1) function. FEBS J. 287, 4362–4369 (2020).
Google Scholar
Newton, K. et al. RIPK1 inhibits ZBP1-driven necroptosis during development. Nature 540, 129–133 (2016).
Google Scholar
Takaoka, A. et al. DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) is a cytosolic DNA sensor and an activator of innate immune response. Nature 448, 501–505 (2007).
Google Scholar
Nogusa, S. et al. RIPK3 activates parallel pathways of MLKL-driven necroptosis and FADD-mediated apoptosis to protect against influenza A virus. Cell Host Microbe 20, 13–24 (2016).
Google Scholar
Varfolomeev, E. E. et al. Targeted disruption of the mouse caspase 8 gene ablates cell death induction by the TNF receptors, Fas/Apo1, and DR3 and is lethal prenatally. Immunity 9, 267–276 (1998).
Google Scholar
Oberst, A. et al. Catalytic activity of the caspase-8–FLIPL complex inhibits RIPK3-dependent necrosis. Nature 471, 363–367 (2011).
Google Scholar
Kaiser, W. J. et al. RIP3 mediates the embryonic lethality of caspase-8-deficient mice. Nature 471, 368–372 (2011).
Google Scholar
Alvarez-Diaz, S. et al. The pseudokinase MLKL and the kinase RIPK3 have distinct roles in autoimmune disease caused by loss of death-receptor-induced apoptosis. Immunity 45, 513–526 (2016).
Google Scholar
Najjar, M. et al. RIPK1 and RIPK3 kinases promote cell-death-independent inflammation by Toll-like receptor 4. Immunity 45, 46–59 (2016).
Google Scholar
Rothenburg, S. et al. A PKR-like eukaryotic initiation factor 2α kinase from zebrafish contains Z-DNA binding domains instead of dsRNA binding domains. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 1602–1607 (2005).
Google Scholar
Koehler, H. et al. Vaccinia virus E3 prevents sensing of Z-RNA to block ZBP1-dependent necroptosis. Cell Host Microbe 29, 1266–1276 (2021).
Google Scholar
Gray, E. E., Treuting, P. M., Woodward, J. J. & Stetson, D. B. Cutting edge: cGAS is required for lethal autoimmune disease in the Trex1-deficient mouse model of Aicardi–Goutières syndrome. J. Immunol. 195, 1939–1943 (2015).
Google Scholar
Gall, A. et al. Autoimmunity initiates in nonhematopoietic cells and progresses via lymphocytes in an interferon-dependent autoimmune disease. Immunity 36, 120–131 (2012).
Google Scholar
Murphy, J. M. et al. The pseudokinase MLKL mediates necroptosis via a molecular switch mechanism. Immunity 39, 443–453 (2013).
Google Scholar
Kasparcova, V. et al. Cutting edge: RIP1 kinase activity is dispensable for normal development but is a key regulator of inflammation in SHARPIN-deficient mice. Immunol. 192, 5476–5480 (2014).
Lin, J. et al. RIPK1 counteracts ZBP1-mediated necroptosis to inhibit inflammation. Nature 540, 124–128 (2016).
Google Scholar
Newton, K., Sun, X. & Dixit, V. M. Kinase RIP3 is dispensable for normal NF-kappa Bs, signaling by the B-cell and T-cell receptors, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, and Toll-like receptors 2 and 4. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 1464–1469 (2004).
Google Scholar
Salmena, L. et al. Essential role for caspase 8 in T-cell homeostasis and T-cell-mediated immunity. Gene Dev. 17, 883–895 (2003).
Google Scholar
Henao-Mejia, J. et al. Generation of genetically modified mice using the CRISPR–Cas9 genome-editing system. Cold Spring Harb. Protoc. https://doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot090704 (2016).
Shin, K.-J. et al. A single lentiviral vector platform for microRNA-based conditional RNA interference and coordinated transgene expression. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 13759–13764 (2006).
Google Scholar
Zarnegar, B. J. et al. irCLIP platform for efficient characterization of protein–RNA interactions. Nat. Methods 13, 489–492 (2016).
Google Scholar
Orozco, S. et al. RIPK1 both positively and negatively regulates RIPK3 oligomerization and necroptosis. Cell Death Differ. 21, 1511–1521 (2014).
Google Scholar
Bray, N. L., Pimentel, H., Melsted, P. & Pachter, L. Near-optimal probabilistic RNA-seq quantification. Nat. Biotechnol. 34, 525–527 (2016).
Google Scholar
Ewels, P., Magnusson, M., Lundin, S. & Käller, M. MultiQC: summarize analysis results for multiple tools and samples in a single report. Bioinformatics 32, 3047–3048 (2016).
Google Scholar
Love, M. I., Huber, W. & Anders, S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol. 15, 550 (2014).
Google Scholar
Durinck, S. et al. BioMart and Bioconductor: a powerful link between biological databases and microarray data analysis. Bioinformatics 21, 3439–3440 (2005).
Google Scholar
Durinck, S., Spellman, P. T., Birney, E. & Huber, W. Mapping identifiers for the integration of genomic datasets with the R/Bioconductor package biomaRt. Nat. Protoc. 4, 1184–1191 (2009).
Google Scholar
Yu, G., Wang, L.-G., Han, Y. & He, Q.-Y. clusterProfiler: an R Package for comparing biological themes among gene clusters. OMICS J. Integr. Biol. 16, 284–287 (2012).
Google Scholar